Định luật Planck Phóng xạ vật đen

Định luật Planck cho rằng

$B_{\nu }(T)={\frac {2h\nu ^{3}}{c^{2}}}{\frac {1}{e^{\frac {h\nu }{kT}}-1}},$

Với

B_ν(T) is the spectral radiance (the power per unit solid angle and per unit of area normal to the propagation) density of frequency ν radiation per unit frequency at thermal equilibrium at temperature T.

h is the Planck constant;

c is the speed of light in a vacuum;

k is the Boltzmann constant;

ν is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation;

T is the absolute temperature of the body.

For a black body surface the spectral radiance density (defined per unit of area normal to the propagation) is independent of the angle $\theta$ of emission with respect to the normal. However, this means that, following Lambert's cosine law, $B_{\nu }(T)\cos \theta$ is the radiance density per unit area of emitting surface as the surface area involved in generating the radiance is increased by a factor $1/\cos \theta$ with respect to an area normal to the propagation direction. At oblique angles, the solid angle spans involved do get smaller, resulting in lower aggregate intensities.